Selected Citations

11. Abrams,MB,Chairman (1983): Final Report on Studies of the Ethical and Legal Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research., New York.

7. Annas,GJ; Grodin,MA (1989): The Nazi Doctors and The Nuremberg Code. Oxford University Press, New York - Oxford.

1. Beecher,HK,MD (1966): Ethics and Clinical Research. New England Journal of Medicine, 1354-1360.

8. Bernard,C (1949): An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine. Henry Schuman, Inc., .

14. Bok,S,PhD (1976): Personal Directions For Care at the End of Life. New England Journal of Medicine 295, No. 7, 367-369.

12. Clinical Care Committee of Massachusetts General Hospital (1976): Optimum Care For Hopelessly Ill Patients. New England Journal of Medicine 295, No. 7, 362-364.

2. Committee on Bioethics - Pediatrics (2001): Ethical Issues With Genetic Testing in Pediatrics. American Academy of Pediatrics 107, No. 6, 1451-1455.

4. Duff,RS,MD; Campbell,AGM,MB (1973): Moral and Ethical Dilemmas in the Special-Care Nursery. New England Journal of Medicine 289, No. 17, 890-894.

13. Fried,C,LLB (1976): Terminating Life Support: Out of the Closet. New England Journal of Medicine 295, No. 7, 390-391.

6. Gaylin,W (1973): The Patient's Bill of Rights. Saturday Review of the Sciences, 22.

3. Honein,MA,PhD; Paulozzi,LJ,MD; Mathews,TJ,MS; Erickson,JD,DDS.PhD; Wong, LC,MS (2001): Impact of Folic Acid Fortification of the US Food Supply on the Occurrence of Neural Tube Defects. JAMA 285, No. 23, 2981-2986.

18. Jonsen,AR,PhD; Phibbs,RH,MD; Tooley,WH,MD; Garland,MJ,PhD (1975): Critical Issues in Newborn Intensive Care: A Conference Report and Policy Proposal. Pediatrics 55, No. 6, 756-768.

10. Katz,J (1997): Human Sacrifice and Human Experimentation: Reflections of Nuremberg. Yale Law School, New Haven.

5. Kaufman,CL (1983): Informed Consent and Patient Decision Making: Two Decades of Research. Soc. Sci. Med. 17, No. 21, 1657-1664.

9. Kubler-Ross,E,MD (1969): On Death and Dying. MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. and Collier MacMillan Publishers, New York - London.

15. Olson,S (2001): The Genetic Archaeology of Race. The Atlantic Monthly, 69-80.

16. Seabrook,J (2001): The Tree of Me. The New Yorker, 58-71.

37. Sinnott,EW; Dunn,LC; Dobzhansky,TH (1925): Principles of Genetics. MCGraw-Hill, .

17. Stevenson,RE,MD; Allen,WP,MD; Pai,GS,MD; Best,R,PhD; Seaver,LH,MD; Dean, J,RN; Thompson,S,PhD (2000): Decline in Prevalence of Neural Tube Defects in a High-Risk Region of the United States. Pediatrics 106, No. 4, 677-683.

Citations of General and Historic Interest

1284. Roith,AI (1973): The rights of the mentally handicapped. Lancet 1(7818), 1504.

1676. Shurtleff,DB; Hayden,PW; Loeser,JD; Kronmal,RA (1974): Myelodysplasia. Decision for death or disability. N. Engl. J. Med. 291, 1005-1011.

2500. Hamerton,JL (1979): Ethical considerations in newborn chromosome screening programs. In: Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy: Prospective Studies on Children. (Eds: Robinson,A; Lubs,HA; Bergsma,D) (Series Ed: Bergsma,D. Birth Defects: Original Article Series, Volume 15, No. 1.) Alan R. Liss, New York, 265-278.

2690. Murdoch,JC (1985): Congenital heart disease as a significant factor in the morbidity of children with Down's Syndrome. J. Ment. Defic. Res. 29, 147-151.

3071. Dalgaard,OZ; Norby,S (1989): Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in the 1980's. Clin. Genet. 36, 320-325.

3169. Abram,MB (1983): The Evolution and Status of Genetic Services. Chap. 1. In: Screening and Counseling for Genetic Conditions. The Ethical, Social, and Legal Implications of Genetic Screening, Counseling, and Education Programs. (President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research) (Ed: Starke,L) U.S. Government, Washington, DC, 9-40.

3170. Abram,MB (1983): Ethical and Legal Implications. Chap. 2. In: Screening and Counseling for Genetic Conditions. The Ethical, Social, and Legal Implications of Genetic Screening, Counseling, and Education Programs. (President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research) (Ed: Starke,L) U.S. Government, Washington, DC, 41-86.

4166. Evans,JG; Alberman,E; Ashton,R; Bobrow,M; Coe,P; Culyer,A; Hall,M; Higgs, R; Rigge,M; Rose,H; Smith,A; Weale,A (1987): King's Fund forum consensus statement: screening for fetal and genetic abnormality. Br. Med. J. 295, 1551-1553.

4256. Walters,JW (1989): Anencephalic infants as organ sources: Should the law be changed? J. Pediatr. 115(5, Suppl. 1), 824-828.

4274. Johnson,A (1928): The menace of the melting pot myth. From the Proceeding of the Third Race Betterment Conference, January 2-6, 1928, Battle Creek, Michigan.

4656. Ulm,JE; Shah,DM; Dev,VG; Phillips,JA 3rd (1990): Counseling and decision dilemmas associated with fetal blood sampling. Am. J. Med. Genet. 35, 75- 78.

4987. Serr,DM; Zohar,E (1981): The rights of the unborn. In: Human Reproduction. Proceedings of III World Congress, Berlin, March 22-26, 1981. (Eds: Semm,K; Mettler,L) Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 286-292.

5013. H”ler,H (1977): Changes in facial expression as a result of plastic surgery in mongoloid children. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 1, 245-250. 5148. Fost,N (1982): Passive euthanasia of patients with Down's syndrome. Arch. Intern. Med. 142, 2295.

5706. Hobbins,JC (1983): Determination of fetal sex in early pregnancy. N. Engl. J. Med. 309(16), 979-980.

6728. Roberts,L (1990): To test or not to test? Science 247, 17-18.

6741. Gaylin,W (1972): Genetic screening: The ethics of knowing. N. Engl. J. Med. 286(25), 1361-1362.

6777. Golden,GS (1980): Nonstandard therapies in the developmental disabilities. Am. J. Dis. Child. 134, 487-491.

7249. Glass,NJ (1975): Economic aspects of the prevention of Down's syndrome. In: Systems Aspects of Health Planning. (Eds: Bailey,NTJ; Thompson,M) Amsterdam, North Holland, 203-213.

7310. Carswell,H (1973): Canada struggles to combat genetic disease. Med. Post (6 Feb, 20 Feb, 6 Mar), 1-15.

7329. Chalmers,I; Anderson,A (1972): Factors affecting gestational age at therapeutic abortion. Lancet 1(17 June), 1324-1326.

7455. Elejalde,BR; Elejalde,MM de; Heitman,T (1985): Visualization of the fetal genitalia by ultrasonography: A review of the literature and analysis of its accuracy and ethical implications. J. Ultrasound Med. 4, 633-639.

7694. Wertz,DC; Fletcher,JC (1989): Ethical issues in prenatal diagnosis. Pediatr. Ann. 18, 739-749.

7837. Lappe,M; Gustafson,JM; Roblin,R (1972): Ethical and social issues in screening for genetic disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 286, 1129-1132.

7912. Fletcher,J (1971): Ethical aspects of genetic controls. Designed genetic changes in man. N. Engl. J. Med. 285, 776-783.

7958. Zachary,RB (1968): Ethical and social aspects of treatment of spina bifida. Lancet 2(3 Aug), 274-276.

8508. Persaud,TVN (Ed.) (1990): Environmental Causes of Human Birth Defects. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield.IL. 182 pages.

8604. Mann,C (1991): Lynn Margulis: Science's unruly earth mother. Science 252(April), 378-381.

8770. Wolfenberger,W (1990): Book review: Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis., 362-367.

8867. Drugan,A; Greb,A; Johnson,MP; Krivchenia,EL; Uhlmann,WR; Moghissi,KS; Evans,MI (1990): Determinants for parental decisions to abort children for chromosome abnormalities. Prenat. Diagn. 10, 483-490.

9217. Fox,MD (1991): The abiding validity of the Hippocratic oath. Alabama Medicine, The Journal of MASA 60(7), 6-9.

9218. Collins,JJ Jr (1991): The evolution of artificial heart valves. N. Engl. J. Med. 324(9/February), 624-626. 9257. Johnston,J (1991): Transgenics: The land of milk and money. J. NIH. Res. 3, 26-27. 9396. Stern,J; Stern,M (1990): A reporter at large: Parrots. The New Yorker (30 July), 55-73.

9398. Lebel,RR (1978): Ethical Issues Arising in the Genetic Counseling Relationship. The National Foundation March of Dimes, White Plains. 46 pages.

9542. Kassirer,JP; Rosenthal,NA (1998): Should Human Cloning Research Be Off Limits? N. Engl. J. Med. 338(13), 905-906.

9551. Robertson,JA (1986): Embryos, families and procreative liberty: The legal structure of the new reproduction. So. Cal. Law Rev. 59, 939-1041.

9697. Lancet (1996): Is health a moral responsibility? Lancet 347, 1197.

9805. Werth,B (1991): How short is too short? Marketing human growth hormone. New York Times Mag. (16 June), 14-17; 28-29; 47.

9812. Shinn,RL (1984): The fetus as patient: A philosophical and ethical perspective. Chap. 23. In: Genetics and the Law III. 3rd ed. (Eds: Milunsky,A; Annas,GL) Plenum Press, New York, 317-329.

10201. Harper,PS; Clarke,S (1990): Viewpoint: Should we test children for "adult" genetic disease? Lancet 335(May), 1205-1206.

10204. Kanhai,HHH; Van Rijssel,EJC; Meerman,RJ; Gravenhorst,JB (1986): Selective termination in quintuplet pregnancy during the first trimester. Lancet 1, 1447. 10205. Harrison,MR (1986): Organ procurement for children: The anencephalic fetus as donor. Lancet 2, 1383.

10228. Berkowitz,RL; Lynch,L; Chitkara,U; Wilkins,IA; Mehalek,KE; Alvarez,E (1988): Selective reduction of multifetal pregnancies in the first trimester. N. Engl. J. Med. 318, 1043-1047.

10230. Manning,F; Harrison,MR; Rodeck,C; Members of the International Fetal Medicine and Surgery Society (1986): Report of the International Fetal Surgery Registry: Catheter shunts for fetal hydronephrosis and hydrocephalus. N. Engl. J. Med. 315, 336.

10236. Harrison,MR; Golbus,MS; Filly,RA; Callen,PW; Katz,M; DeLorimier,AA; Rosen,M; Jonsen,AR (1982): Fetal surgery for congenital hydronephrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 306(10), 591-593.

10237. Clewell,WH; Johnson,ML; Meier,PR; Newkirk,JB; Zide,SL; Hendee,RW; Bowes, WA Jr; Hecht,F; O'Keeffe,D; Henry,GP; Shikes,RH (1982): A surgical approach to the treatment of fetal hydrocephalus. N. Engl. J. Med. 306(22), 1320-1325.

10238. Hecht,F; Grix,A (1982): Treatment of fetal hydrocephalus. N. Engl. J. Med. 307, 1211.

10239. Harrison,MR; Filly,RA; Golbus,MS; Berkowitz,RL; Callen,PW; Canty,TG; Catz,C; Clewell,WH; Depp,R; Edwards,MS; Fletcher,JC; Frigoletto,FD; Garrett,WJ; Johnson,ML; Jonsen,A; DeLorimier,AA; Liley,WA; Mahoney,MJ; Manning,FD; Meir,PR; Michejda,M; Nakayama,DK; Nelson,L; Newkirk,JB; Pringle,K; Rodeck,C; Rosen,MA; Schulman,JD (1982): Fetal treatment 1982. N. Engl. J. Med. 307(26), 1651-1652.

10290. Chavez,GF; Cordero,JF; Beccerra,JE (1988): Leading major congenital malformations among minority groups in the United States. JAMA 261, 205- 209.

10339. Fletcher,JC (1985): Ethical considerations in and beyond experimental fetal therapy. Semin. Perinatol. 9, 130-135.

10406. Fletcher,JC (1983): Ethics and trends in applied human genetics. In: Birth Defects: Clinical and Ethical Considerations. (Eds: Finley,SC; Finley,WH; Flowers,CE Jr) (Series Ed: Bergsma,D. Birth Defects: Original Article Series, Vol. 19, No. 5.) Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, 143-158.

10612. Suzuki,D; Knudtson,P (1990): Genetic Screening in the Workplace: Privacy and the Human Genome. In: Genetics the Ethics of Engineering Life. First Harvard University Press paperback edition revised and updated ed. (: ) Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 142-162.

10809. Elejalde,BR; De Elejalde,MM; Heitman,T (1985): Visualization of the fetal genitalia by ultrasonography: A review of the literature and analysis of its accuracy and ethical implications. J. Ultrasound Med. 4, 633-639. 11143. Laurence,KM (1974): Effect of early surgery for spina bifida cystica on survival and quality of life. Lancet 1, 301-304.

11255. Dershowitz,AM (1976): Karyotype predictability and culpability. In: Genetics and the Law. (Eds: Milunsky,A; Annas,GJ) Plenum Press, New York, 63-71.

11300. Shaw,LR; Miller,JD; Slutsky,AS; Maurer,JR; Puskas,JD; Patterson,GA; Singer,PA (1991): Ethics of lung transplantation with live donors. Lancet 338(8768/September), 678-681.

11301. Maas,PJ van der; Delden,JJM van; Pijnenborg,L; Looman,CWN (1991): Euthanasia and other medical decisions concerning the end of life. Lancet 338(8768/September), 669-674.

11331. Wight,JP (1991): Ethics, commerce, and kidneys. Br. Med. J. 303(6794/ July), 110.

11359. Ratajski,MA (1991): Ethical choices: The golden rule. Vit. Speech. Day 57(17), 529-531.

11360. Dillon,GC (1991): The prospect of competitive ethics: Good ethics is good business. Vit. Speech. Day 57(17), 526-529.

11394. ASHG Human Genome Committee Report (1991): The human genome project: Implications for human genetics. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 49, 687-691.

11438. Johnsen,D (1986): The creation of fetal rights: Conflicts with women's constitutional rights to liberty, privacy, and equal protection. Yale Law Journal 95, 599-625.

11479. Kaye,CI; LaPuma,J (1990): Geneticists and sex selection (letter). Hastings Center Report 20(4), 40-41.

11480. DeBraekeleer,M; Melancon,J (1990): The ethics of cystic fibrosis carrier screening: Where do we stand? Am. J. Hum. Genet. 47(3), 580-581. 120.

11487. Skrzydlewski,WB (1990): Gynaecology and ethics. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 36(3), 274-282.

11490. Editorial (1996): Have you had a gene test? Lancet 347, 133.

11491. Zergollern,L (1990): Humana genetika i etika. Lijec-Vjesn 112(1-2), 63- 11493. Evans,MI; May,M; Drugan,A; Fletcher,JC; Johnson,MP; Sokol,RJ (1990): Selective termination: Clinical experience and residual risks. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 162(6), 1568-1575.

11494. Marmaduke,A; Bell,SK (1989): In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer dilemmas. Nurs-Forum 24(3-4), 24-28.

11496. Botkin,JR (1990): Ethical issues in human genetic technology. Pediatrician 17(2), 100-107.

11499. Huggins,M; Bloch,M; Kanani,S; Quarrell,OWJ; Theilman,J; Hedrick,A; Dickens,B; Lynch,A; Hayden,M (1990): Ethical and legal dilemmas arising during predictive testing for adult-onset disease: The experience of Huntington disease. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 47, 4-12.

11500. Clarke,A (1990): Genetics, ethics, and audit. Lancet 335(8698), 1145- 1147.

11501. Craufurd,D; Donnai,D; Kerzin-Storrar,L; Osborn,M (1990): Testing of (PAP#11502)

11503. McLaren,A (1990): Research on the human conceptus and its regulation in Britain today. J. R. Soc. Med. 83(4), 209-213.

11505. Zimmerli,WC (1990): Who has the right to know the genetic constitution of a particular person? In: Human Genetic Information: Science, Law and Ethics. (Eds: Chadwick,D; Bock,G; Whelan,J) (Ciba Foundation Symposium, Vol. 149.) John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 93-110. 11506. Davis,BD (1990): Limits to genetic intervention in humans: Somatic and germline. Ciba. Found. Symp. 149, 81-92.

11507. Charlesworth,M (1990): Human genome analysis and the concept of human nature. In: Human Genetic Information: Science, Law and Ethics. (Eds: Chadwick,D; Bock,G; Whelan,J) (Ciba Foundation Symposium, Vol. 149.) John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 180-198.

72926. Fost,N (1989): Commentary: Guiding principles for prenatal diagnosis. Prenat. Diagn. 9, 335-337.

72927. Cook-Deegan,RM (1990): Social and ethical implications of advances in human genetics. South. Med. J. 83(8/August), 879-882.

72928. Turner,DR; Willoughby,JO (1990): Ethical issues in Huntington disease presymptomatic testing. Aust. N.Z. J. Med. 20, 545-547.

72929. Thomas,AK (1990): Human embryo experimentation and surrogacy. Med. J. Aust. 153(October), 369-371.

73004. Rudak,E; Dor,J; Mashiach,S; Nebel,L; Goldman,B (1985): Chromosome analysis of human oocytes and embryos fertilized in Vitro. In: In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer. Vol. 442. (Eds: Seppala,M; Edwards,RG) The New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 476-486. 73020. Jonsen,AR (1988): Transplantation of fetal tissue: An ethicist's viewpoint. Clinical Research 36, 215-219.

73327. Suzuki,D; Knudtson,P (1990): Epilogue. Searching for a New Mythology. Genethics. The Ethics of Engineering Life. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.